consumer protection

Compliances applicable to e-commerce platforms in India under the E-commerce Rules, 2020

Consumer Protection (E-Commerce) Rules, 2020: A Practical Compliance Roadmap for Digital Commerce Platforms in India

India’s e-commerce ecosystem has witnessed significant expansion over the past decade, accompanied by a parallel increase in regulatory oversight aimed at strengthening consumer protection. The Consumer Protection (E-Commerce) Rules, 2020 (“E-Commerce Rules”), framed under the Consumer Protection Act, 2019, establish a comprehensive compliance framework governing digital commerce, with applicability extending across all e-commerce models, including […]

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Differences between the marketplace and inventory model of ecommerce along with applicable compliances and laws.

Marketplace vs Inventory in Indian E-Commerce: Why Classification Continues to Drive Compliance

India’s e-commerce sector has evolved from early-stage digital marketplaces operating as neutral intermediaries to sophisticated, vertically integrated ecosystems combining logistics, data analytics, private labels and algorithm-driven pricing. This evolution has enabled scale and efficiency, but has simultaneously blurred the traditional boundaries between platform intermediation and direct retail. In this landscape, the distinction between a “marketplace

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The image explains dark patterns in India, the evolution of law regulating dark patterns and the practices of dark patterns

Dark Patterns & Digital Ads: India’s Consumer Protection Framework

Dark patterns, interface designs that subtly manipulate or mislead users, have moved from being a niche UX debate to a central regulatory concern in India’s digital economy. As consumer-facing startups scale rapidly across e-commerce, fintech, healthtech and D2C verticals, product and marketing teams increasingly rely on persuasive design and targeted advertising to drive conversions. However,

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Illustration of e-commerce fraud by way of dark pattern

Unraveling Dark Patterns: Navigating the Regulatory Framework in India

Ever felt an urgency to purchase your desired product online just because the concerned e-commerce platform notified that ‘only 2 pieces of the product stock left’? If yes, well, you might just have been a victim of a dark pattern. “Dark Patterns” is an abstract term referring to an array of deceptive practices that are

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