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The image explains the RBI Co-lending Arrangements Directions, 2025

RBI’s Co-Lending Arrangements Directions, 2025: A Consolidated Framework for Collaborative Lending

Co-lending has emerged as a significant credit delivery model in India, where two regulated entities jointly fund loans and share credit risk and rewards on a pre-agreed basis. The Reserve Bank of India (Co-Lending Arrangements) Directions, 2025 (“Co-Lending Directions, 2025”/ “Directions”) provide a comprehensive statutory framework governing such arrangements between regulated entities (“REs”), including commercial […]

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Corporate Governance as a foundation of companies

Introduction to Corporate Governance in India: Foundations, Evolution, and Relevance (Corporate Governance in Private Companies, Part I)

Corporate governance is no longer understood merely as a compliance obligation imposed by company law or securities regulation. In contemporary corporate practice, it represents a foundational business infrastructure, a framework through which decision-making authority is allocated, accountability is enforced, and long-term value is preserved. At its core, corporate governance addresses a fundamental problem inherent in

Introduction to Corporate Governance in India: Foundations, Evolution, and Relevance (Corporate Governance in Private Companies, Part I) Read More »

A founder evaluating the complete lifecycle of fundraising

From Capital to Control: Concluding the Startup Fundraising Legal Series (Startup Fundraising Series, Part X)

Fundraising, as encountered in legal practice, is rarely a linear or isolated event. Transaction counsel typically engage with fundraising decisions not only at the point of signing, but far more frequently during institutional diligence, follow-on negotiations, governance disputes, or exit processes. It is at these later stages that the legal and contractual consequences of earlier

From Capital to Control: Concluding the Startup Fundraising Legal Series (Startup Fundraising Series, Part X) Read More »

Overview of regulatory framework and laws applicable to smart wearables in India

Smart Wearables in India: An Overview of the Regulatory Framework

Smart wearables, ranging from fitness bands and smartwatches to rings and hearables, have rapidly become part of everyday life in India. What began as step counters and sleep trackers now includes devices capable of monitoring heart rate, oxygen levels, stress patterns, and even location, often in real time. These devices are no longer passive accessories;

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An investor is evaluating an exit for its early stage investment based on the exit price and mode of exit.

Investor Exits in Early-Stage Companies: Legal Architecture and Market Practice (Startup Fundraising Series, Part IX)

For early-stage investors, the decision to deploy capital is rarely driven by present-day metrics alone; it is fundamentally shaped by the clarity and certainty of how they will ultimately realise value from their investment. In India’s private-company landscape where shares are not freely transferable, liquidity is limited, and secondary markets are still maturing well-defined exit

Investor Exits in Early-Stage Companies: Legal Architecture and Market Practice (Startup Fundraising Series, Part IX) Read More »

The image explains dark patterns in India, the evolution of law regulating dark patterns and the practices of dark patterns

Dark Patterns & Digital Ads: India’s Consumer Protection Framework

Dark patterns, interface designs that subtly manipulate or mislead users, have moved from being a niche UX debate to a central regulatory concern in India’s digital economy. As consumer-facing startups scale rapidly across e-commerce, fintech, healthtech and D2C verticals, product and marketing teams increasingly rely on persuasive design and targeted advertising to drive conversions. However,

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Investor and Founder negotiating a shareholders' agreement.

Balancing Founder’s and Investor’s Rights in Startup Shareholders’ Agreement (Startup Fundraising Series, Part VIII)

The culmination of term sheet negotiations marks a significant milestone in any fundraising process. Yet, it is only the beginning of a far more detailed and legally consequential phase—one in which the parties transition from broad commercial alignment to the structuring of binding rights and obligations. Once the commercial framework has been agreed upon, the

Balancing Founder’s and Investor’s Rights in Startup Shareholders’ Agreement (Startup Fundraising Series, Part VIII) Read More »

Telemedicine Guidelines 2020

Telemedicine in India: Understanding the Telemedicine Guidelines 2020

Telemedicine has rapidly moved from a peripheral healthcare option to a mainstream mode of medical practice in India, driven by rising digital adoption and the need for accessible, timely care. The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated this shift, prompting regulators to formally recognise remote consultations as a legitimate extension of clinical practice. Today, telemedicine enables patients to

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