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The image highlights the regulatory compliances applicable to payment aggregators, while also highlighting differences with payment gateways.

Payment Aggregators and Payment Gateways in India: Understanding the Regulatory Divide

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India’s digital payments ecosystem has evolved from a facilitator-led model to a systemically important financial infrastructure. As transaction volumes scale and intermediaries increasingly sit between payers and merchants, the regulatory lens has decisively shifted from technology enablement to funds custody and settlement risk. This shift is most visible in the regulatory treatment of “Payment Aggregators” […]

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Explaining the regulatory overview of prepaid payment instruments in India

A Regulatory Overview of Prepaid Payment Instruments in India

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A Prepaid Payment Instrument(“PPI”) is a regulated payment instrument that facilitates the purchase of goods and services against a pre-funded value stored on such instrument or accessible through it. Under the regulatory framework issued by the Reserve Bank of India (“RBI”), a PPI represents value paid for by the holder in advance and enables payment

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The image explains the RBI Co-lending Arrangements Directions, 2025

RBI’s Co-Lending Arrangements Directions, 2025: A Consolidated Framework for Collaborative Lending

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Co-lending has emerged as a significant credit delivery model in India, where two regulated entities jointly fund loans and share credit risk and rewards on a pre-agreed basis. The Reserve Bank of India (Co-Lending Arrangements) Directions, 2025 (“Co-Lending Directions, 2025”/ “Directions”) provide a comprehensive statutory framework governing such arrangements between regulated entities (“REs”), including commercial

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Corporate Governance as a foundation of companies

Introduction to Corporate Governance in India: Foundations, Evolution, and Relevance (Corporate Governance in Private Companies, Part I)

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Corporate governance is no longer understood merely as a compliance obligation imposed by company law or securities regulation. In contemporary corporate practice, it represents a foundational business infrastructure, a framework through which decision-making authority is allocated, accountability is enforced, and long-term value is preserved. At its core, corporate governance addresses a fundamental problem inherent in

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A founder evaluating the complete lifecycle of fundraising

From Capital to Control: Concluding the Startup Fundraising Legal Series (Startup Fundraising Series, Part X)

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Fundraising, as encountered in legal practice, is rarely a linear or isolated event. Transaction counsel typically engage with fundraising decisions not only at the point of signing, but far more frequently during institutional diligence, follow-on negotiations, governance disputes, or exit processes. It is at these later stages that the legal and contractual consequences of earlier

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Overview of regulatory framework and laws applicable to smart wearables in India

Smart Wearables in India: An Overview of the Regulatory Framework

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Smart wearables, ranging from fitness bands and smartwatches to rings and hearables, have rapidly become part of everyday life in India. What began as step counters and sleep trackers now includes devices capable of monitoring heart rate, oxygen levels, stress patterns, and even location, often in real time. These devices are no longer passive accessories;

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An investor is evaluating an exit for its early stage investment based on the exit price and mode of exit.

Investor Exits in Early-Stage Companies: Legal Architecture and Market Practice (Startup Fundraising Series, Part IX)

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For early-stage investors, the decision to deploy capital is rarely driven by present-day metrics alone; it is fundamentally shaped by the clarity and certainty of how they will ultimately realise value from their investment. In India’s private-company landscape where shares are not freely transferable, liquidity is limited, and secondary markets are still maturing well-defined exit

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The image explains dark patterns in India, the evolution of law regulating dark patterns and the practices of dark patterns

Dark Patterns & Digital Ads: India’s Consumer Protection Framework

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Dark patterns, interface designs that subtly manipulate or mislead users, have moved from being a niche UX debate to a central regulatory concern in India’s digital economy. As consumer-facing startups scale rapidly across e-commerce, fintech, healthtech and D2C verticals, product and marketing teams increasingly rely on persuasive design and targeted advertising to drive conversions. However,

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