fintech

The image highlights the regulatory compliances applicable to payment aggregators, while also highlighting differences with payment gateways.

Payment Aggregators and Payment Gateways in India: Understanding the Regulatory Divide

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India’s digital payments ecosystem has evolved from a facilitator-led model to a systemically important financial infrastructure. As transaction volumes scale and intermediaries increasingly sit between payers and merchants, the regulatory lens has decisively shifted from technology enablement to funds custody and settlement risk. This shift is most visible in the regulatory treatment of “Payment Aggregators” […]

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Explaining the regulatory overview of prepaid payment instruments in India

A Regulatory Overview of Prepaid Payment Instruments in India

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A Prepaid Payment Instrument(“PPI”) is a regulated payment instrument that facilitates the purchase of goods and services against a pre-funded value stored on such instrument or accessible through it. Under the regulatory framework issued by the Reserve Bank of India (“RBI”), a PPI represents value paid for by the holder in advance and enables payment

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The image explains the RBI Co-lending Arrangements Directions, 2025

RBI’s Co-Lending Arrangements Directions, 2025: A Consolidated Framework for Collaborative Lending

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Co-lending has emerged as a significant credit delivery model in India, where two regulated entities jointly fund loans and share credit risk and rewards on a pre-agreed basis. The Reserve Bank of India (Co-Lending Arrangements) Directions, 2025 (“Co-Lending Directions, 2025”/ “Directions”) provide a comprehensive statutory framework governing such arrangements between regulated entities (“REs”), including commercial

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An overview of the RBI's Digital Lending Directions, 2025

An Overview of the RBI’s Digital Lending Directions, 2025

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India’s digital lending ecosystem has expanded rapidly, driven by instant app-based credit, embedded finance models, and growing collaboration between fintech platforms and regulated lenders. This scale-up, while positive for financial inclusion, has also surfaced recurring concerns around opaque pricing, disproportionate data collection, and coercive recovery practices, issues that prompted the Reserve Bank of India (RBI)

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The image demonstrates digital rupee, its types, usage, legality and differences with UPI

Visualizing the Digital Rupee: Legal Foundation for India’s CBDC

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The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has embarked on the introduction of the Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC), also referred to as the Digital Rupee (e₹), as a new form of sovereign money in electronic form. The initiative draws its foundation from the Concept Note on Central Bank Digital Currency issued by the RBI on

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