Startups

A Legal Due Diligence in Startup Investments: Bridging Caveat Emptor and Corporate Governance (Startup Fundraising Series, Part VI)

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In India’s rapidly evolving startup landscape, the pursuit of capital often outpaces the establishment of legal structure. Amidst the momentum of valuation discussions and funding negotiations, it is legal due diligence that ensures the enterprise rests on a foundation of compliance and enforceability. The principle underlying this exercise is not new, it traces its origin […]

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Founder and Investor determining valuation and investor rights to protect valuation

A Legal Perspective on Determining and Safeguarding Startup Valuations in India (Startup Fundraising Series, Part V)

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Valuation often forms the centrepiece of any startup fundraising discussion. For founders, it reflects the prospect of their vision; for investors, it signifies the price of future potential. Yet, in the early stages of a company’s life cycle, valuation is seldom a precise science. It sits at the intersection of commercial optimism, market sentiment, and

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The image explains the evolution of spacetech laws in India including the Indian Space Policy, 2023 and the future ahead.

India’s Space Policy 2023: From Monopoly to Market

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For decades, India’s space story revolved around ISRO, a state-led model focused on research, exploration, and national missions. While this framework delivered scientific success, it left limited room for private enterprise. As global space commerce accelerated and Indian startups emerged with satellite and launch capabilities, the need for a clear regulatory pathway became evident. The

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Understanding Cap Tables: Legal Structuring and ESOP Regulations (Startup Fundraising Series, Part III)

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A capitalization table, commonly referred to as a cap table, is a structured record of a company’s ownership detailing the securities issued, the percentage of holdings, and the rights attached to each class of shares or instruments. It is, in essence, the company’s equity map. Beyond being a numerical summary, a cap table reflects the

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Visualizing the Digital Rupee: Legal Foundation for India’s CBDC

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The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has embarked on the introduction of the Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC), also referred to as the Digital Rupee (e₹), as a new form of sovereign money in electronic form. The initiative draws its foundation from the Concept Note on Central Bank Digital Currency issued by the RBI on

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A founder evaluating a venture capital investment round from risk versus rights view

Investment Instruments under Indian Law: Choosing the Right Structure for Startup Fundraising (Startup Fundraising Series, Part II)

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Raising capital is one of the most defining milestones for any startup. As founders navigate their early growth journey, the choice of corporate finance instruments becomes more than a matter of convenience, it determines ownership structure, compliance obligations, and long-term investor relationships. In simple terms, these instruments represent the legal form through which investors bring

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Legal Boundaries for Health Supplements in India

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India’s health supplement industry has grown rapidly, driven by rising interest in preventive healthcare and nutrition-based products. This growth has blurred the line between nutritional and therapeutic products, prompting regulatory clarity from the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI). The framework established under the Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006 (“FSS Act”) and

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The Legal Framework for Startups in India: Building the Foundation for Fundraising (Startup Fundraising Series, Part I)

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India’s startup ecosystem is burgeoning. As of December 2024, over 1.57 lakh startups have obtained DPIIT recognition, and they have generated more than 17.28 lakh direct jobs.[1] These numbers reflect the confidence in India’s innovation potential and the scale of enterprise being built nationwide. Yet, statistics also tell a harsher story: according to a study

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